9/9/2023 0 Comments Auditory learning strategies![]() ![]() The two storages are the phonological loop, which stores verbal information, and the visuospatial sketchpad, which stores visuospatial information. The influential memory model of Baddeley and Hitch ( 1974) proposed three different components, with two temporary storages depending on the material type, and a central executive. Short-term memory has been mostly investigated for verbal stimuli (e.g., words, numbers, syllables) and visual stimuli (e.g., figures, spatial positions). How does short-term memory work? Are there different processes and “storages” for different types of information and depending on the sensory modality (e.g., visual, auditory)? Short-term memory has been usually investigated with tasks that first present a set of items, and then participants have to either recall or recognize the previously presented information. Here, we focus on short-term memory, Footnote 1 that is the active maintenance of information for a short period of time, without manipulation of this information (maintenance with manipulation is classically defined as working memory, Baddeley & Hitch, 1974). There are distinct functional systems for memory traces based on retention length (Cowan, 2008). Moreover, our results suggest a role of encoding strategies (i.e., how the material is represented mentally during the task) for short-term-memory performance. Results revealed a selective advantage of musicians for auditory no-contour stimuli and for contour stimuli (both visual and auditory), suggesting that musical expertise is associated with specific short-term memory advantages in domains close to the trained domain, also extending cross-modally when stimuli have contour information. Contour and no-contour conditions referred to whether the sequence can entail (or not) a contour (i.e., a pattern of up and down changes) based on non-pitch features. The performance was compared for auditory and visual materials belonging to three different categories: (1) verbal (i.e., syllables) (2) nonverbal (i.e., that could not be easily denominated) with contour (based on loudness or luminance variations) and (3) nonverbal without contour (pink noise sequences or kanji letters sequences). In each trial, participants (musicians and non-musicians) were presented with two sequences of events, separated by a silent delay, and had to indicate whether the two sequences were identical or different. To do so, we adapted the same recognition paradigm (delayed-matching to sample) across different types of stimuli. Furthermore, we aimed to assess if music expertise can modulate memory performance, as previous research has reported better auditory memory (and to some extent, visual memory), and better auditory contour recognition for musicians than non-musicians. The present study compared visual and auditory short-term memory for different types of materials, aiming to understand whether sensory modality and material type can influence short-term memory performance. ![]() Moreover, the influence of sensory modality has been explored almost solely in the verbal domain. Short-term memory has mostly been investigated with verbal or visuospatial stimuli and less so with other categories of stimuli. ![]()
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